https://www.ahukini.net/aquaticbioacoustics daily 1.0 2026-01-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589031175988-851RHFNKFDAB0GUJ4IUY/Scopelogadus+mizolepis+mizolepis+Utriclecolor+coded+map+small.jpg Aquatic Bioacoustics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589031111977-03DEV3QGNM00PK6LSECA/Cover-Sound+Exposure+Guidelines.jpg Aquatic Bioacoustics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/671b57f9-be9e-4131-b2b9-1128d1e423a1/Cover+AT-WINTER-2024_FINAL.jpg Aquatic Bioacoustics https://www.ahukini.net/eba daily 0.75 2024-02-25 https://www.ahukini.net/bioacousticslinks daily 0.75 2025-02-20 https://www.ahukini.net/pictures daily 0.75 2025-02-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588789186486-VZ3F9AKASX331QW69PMX/2014-12-1+Art%2C+Genie+Clark%2C+BIll+Tavolga+%28b%29.jpg Pictures Art (left) with two of his teachers and great friends, Eugenie Clark and Bill Tavolga https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590594515989-7QGL3XNTTHOXC89G14LU/Figure+2+-+H-39+Dick+Fay+and+Art.jpg Pictures Richard (Dick) Fay and I collaborated for over 50 years. We met on December 26, 1971. We discuss our collaboration in a 2016 paper. We wrote more than 30 peer-reviewed research papers together and organized 8 scientific meetings. But perhaps our most well-known collaboration is the Springer Hand book of Auditory Research (SHAR). We wrote about the origin and evolution of SHAR in 2014.. Dick passed away, but our friend and colleague Sheryl Coombs and I had the honor of being co-author on Dick’s last paper, published posthumously (with permission of Dick’s family) in 2023. The paper is a wonderful description of Dick’s career. Dick wrote the paper in 2011 and we updated and excerpted it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589125148672-0A5G27UIKERURDU47HE7/Mote+Meeting+Group+Picture.jpg Pictures All attendees https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589125210000-UMI4QAOEFTE6CVGQVUXT/Mote+Meeting+-+Popper+%26+Fay+Students.jpg Pictures Bill Tavolga (back center), my doctoral advisor, along with some of the graduate students and postdocs who have been in my lab and/or in Dick’s lab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589125716863-M3OGMRUI160YXBA7TU4S/Eastward+Trip+Crew.jpg Pictures In 1967 I took a graduate oceanography course at City College of New York (CCNY). We took a 4 day cruise on the R. V. Eastward (Beaufort, NC). This photo is of the class (sitting) and boat crew. The instructors were Eugenie Clark (front left), Gerry Posner (next to Genie), and C. Lavett Smith (American Museum of Natural History, front right). Smitty showed me the very first otolith I ever saw. Little did I know then that the study of ears (and otoliths) would occupy much of my career. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589126512057-1JVG0HNFQ612JTDIAWOR/Art+%26+Steve+Weinberg+and+their+6th+grade+teacher+TOm+Vinci+1-15-08.JPG Pictures Center is my 6th grade teacher, Mr. Thomas Vinci and on the right is my long-time friend (from 3rd grade on) Steve Weinberg. Mr. Vinci inspired both Steve and myself (and many other students) to pursue careers in science. Steve became a very prominent science educator and text book author. We both kept in touch with Mr. Vinci until he passed away in 2017. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589127077649-9WX7KFDOSONT7RAON8BC/Fay+%26+Popper+and+students+4-16-10.JPG Pictures This is from the 2010 meeting celebrating the Parmly Hearing Institute. (Loyola University Chicago). Photo shows Dick Fay (front left) and myself (front right) along with a number of our students and colleagues. From left in back: Peggy Walton, Michaela Meyer, David Zeddies, Zhongmin (John) Liu, and Joseph Sisneros https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589809936040-VMZ1Z11W19D9LSKY46PJ/UMD+Zoology+1993.jpg Pictures Faculty and staff Department of Zoology, U. Maryland, 1993. I was chair from 1987-1996, https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589809967828-6C39S3ETV3KBJAX82HM0/UMD+Zoology+1988.jpg Pictures Faculty, Department of Zoology, U. Maryland, 1988. Eugenie Clark is third from right. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590595353409-R2IJLCBNVNPEKQZNVS10/MR-055+Poppers+and+Fays.JPG Pictures Art and Helen Popper, Cathy and Dick Fay, at one of our many dinners together over our almost 50-years of friendship and collaboration. (This picture is used in the dedication of volume 77 of The Springer Handbook of Auditory Research). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590595493838-ULMP13192W06BL2KRLV6/Tricas%2C+Mann%2C+Fay%2C+Ladich%2C+Fine%2C+Sisneros%2C+Popper+8-14-08.jpg Pictures From left, Tim Tricas, David Mann, Dick Fay, Fritz Ladich, Michael Fine, Joe Sisneros, Art Popper. In 2008 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1593975628282-QN81L2LM1BOLCLUX7EAN/T-117%2BHelen%2Bwith%2BSue%2Band%2BTony%2BHawkins.jpg Pictures My wife Helen (right) and I traveled to Scotland in 2003 and visited with Sue and Tony Hawkins. It was during this visit that Tony and I started our collaboration that has led to a substantial number of projects together, including the development of the Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life Conferences. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1593975972465-PJGD23USKTVXIHX3L9BG/Uk-233+Tony+and+Art+tasting.JPG Pictures In 2009 Tony and I (and our wives) were exploring sites for one of our conferences and did a bit of tasting of Irish whiskey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589203091337-A5154N0EEIE839NTFMTI/Einstein+Painting+by+Mark+Weinberg.jpg Pictures This painting of Albert Einstein as imagined by my friend Mark Weinberg is a favorite of mine. This has nothing to do with. my research, but included just for fun. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589203358699-VWGCXN4T3G10CDPJJFRU/Hahanuma+Bay.jpg Pictures Hahanuma Bay, Oahu, Hawai’i. I spent many wonderful days on this beach with my daughter Michelle when we lived in Hawai’i (1969-1978). In those days, in contrast to now, the beach was virtually empty on Sunday mornings, our favorite time to swim on the spectacular in-shore reef. https://www.ahukini.net/anthropogenic-sound daily 0.75 2025-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1906f90f-aca6-4fae-a4b3-08bc4e22f77c/Figure+1.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/579aefbf-1ee0-480d-a78b-5ba35c48487c/Logo-Prague-1200.jpg Anthropogenic Sound https://www.ahukini.net/hearing daily 0.75 2025-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1587655982119-6I7XC5JG39IBXBYLB6RM/Weber+%281820%29+Plate+X+Head+of+shark+%28Squalus%29+to+show+auditory+apparatus.jpg Hearing you can add a description https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1587655998813-NPQ8QJNV7411ZU3BH0KA/Weber+%281820%29+Plate+VII+Head+and+vertebrate+of+variuos+psecies.jpg Hearing https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1587655981188-IC3M5QS2QJ1FL73AXK55/Weber+%281820%29+Plate+V+Fig+30+part+-+dissected+head+of+catfish.jpg Hearing https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1587656098476-7Y80A6JCDN5T4425VL1X/Weber+%281820%29+Plate+III+Auditory+apparatus+of+Cyprinus+carpio.jpg Hearing https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589038735747-58R9H4U4XH4Y2LOLMRIH/Figure+2+-+Dolphine+training+pen.gif Hearing - Meet Heptuna The picture in the page header is Heptun, a dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) that we worked with in Hawai’i in the early 1970’s. My student, Donna McDonald Renaud, did the first study ever done. to examine the sound localization capabilities of marine mammals. Read about Heptuna in an article about his contributions to marine mammal hearing research and about the sound localization study. The picture at left shows Heptuna in his study tank located in Kaneohe Bay on the North Shore of the island of Oahu. The picture shows the shed in which equipment was housed, with Donna outside of the shed. Learn more about Heptuna in an article in AcousticsToday. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1587991057531-GJTLGHWQLPC6343NQT0U/we Hearing https://www.ahukini.net/ultrasonic-hearing-by-clupeid-fishes daily 0.75 2020-05-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588867688997-T865OT7HXVUR3X4VZSS3/shad+audiogram.jpg Ultrasonic Hearing by Clupeid Fishes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588867792950-1NUTI52C35EK59BVF8SU/theresholds+for+several+clupeids.jpg Ultrasonic Hearing by Clupeid Fishes https://www.ahukini.net/hearing-in-primitive-fishes daily 0.75 2023-08-14 https://www.ahukini.net/proliferation-and-regeneration-of-sensory-hair-cells daily 0.75 2020-05-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590416846256-14C2SX0AP48VV5ZU2B42/Hair+cell+proliferation+in+hake+graph.jpg Proliferation and Regeneration of Sensory Hair Cells https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590417236656-EOWCIDE4ZUIOR14W65N5/Lombarte+%26+Popper+macula+sizes.jpg Proliferation and Regeneration of Sensory Hair Cells Figure showing growth of the saccular (A), lagenar (B), and utricular (C) sensory epithelia (maulae) in the hake from small animals (top of each figure) to animals that are almost a meter long. The numbers indicate areas of the tissue that were sampled in calculating the number of sensory cells. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590420097349-256VG2UVQ02X89Q2SPWF/Hearing+thresholds+after+noise+exposure+from+Smith+et+al+%282006%29+Anatomical+and+functional+recovery+of+goldfish+ear+after+noise+exposure+%28JEB%29.jpg Proliferation and Regeneration of Sensory Hair Cells https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590420117044-3AERO4OC8VK9XWIS2EAP/TTS+Recovery+Smith+et+al+%282006%29+Anatomical+and+functional+recovery+of+goldfish+ear+after+noise+exposure+%28JEB%29-2.jpg Proliferation and Regeneration of Sensory Hair Cells https://www.ahukini.net/age-related-changes-in-zebrafish-hearing-1 daily 0.75 2020-04-27 https://www.ahukini.net/ear-structure-of-deepsea-fishes daily 0.75 2025-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588872507758-8C1FVKFA292R0R7N34UC/Roundnose+grenadier+right+ear+lateral+view.jpg Ear Structure of Deep-Sea Fishes Inner ear of roundnoise grenadier https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588872508144-LLI2MMSHLYEW3EJ3AU00/Melamphaid+fish+-+crested+ridgehead.jpg Ear Structure of Deep-Sea Fishes Melamphid fish - crested ridgehead https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588872511485-K76XNP713FQ7PE4WXXDK/Brain+and+ears+of+Parin%27s+grenadieri.jpg Ear Structure of Deep-Sea Fishes Brain and the two ears of Pain's grenadieri. Anterior to the top https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588872514588-STDS5GKZXWNJLMUCYJ41/A+melamphaid+fish+saccular+otolith.jpg Ear Structure of Deep-Sea Fishes Saccular otolith from a melamphaid fish. Note the elongate "rod" https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1608475250294-TLDA1ZN23ZENRZ827V0V/A%252Bhair%252Bcell%252Bciliary%252Bbundle%252Bin%252Bthe%252Blagena%252Bof%252Brundnose%252Bgrenadier%252B.jpg Ear Structure of Deep-Sea Fishes SEM of a ciliary bundle from lagena of roundnose grenadier https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1608475542403-7094F8VB069W1PLXJMNE/Deng_Antimora_Fig_6.jpg Ear Structure of Deep-Sea Fishes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1608475642129-992HAR8HGRKK3PXPZVCI/Scopelogadus+mizolepis+mizolepis+Utricleorientation+map+small.jpg Ear Structure of Deep-Sea Fishes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1608475680159-RZ5GBEQ9K1YG35TESMAB/Bundle+types+color+code.jpg Ear Structure of Deep-Sea Fishes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1608475712550-SN8AHDGNM4GWYO39IQJL/Poromitra+crassiceps+left+utricle+bundletypes+1+small.jpg Ear Structure of Deep-Sea Fishes https://www.ahukini.net/anp-cv daily 0.75 2025-02-20 https://www.ahukini.net/publications daily 0.75 2026-03-16 https://www.ahukini.net/shar daily 0.75 2026-03-16 https://www.ahukini.net/fishear daily 0.75 2020-11-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588893825203-68TNAHN1SRVLY25VDQIY/Figure+2+-+cod+left+ear.jpg Fish ear - The ear of an Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) The painting shows the ear with its three semicircular canals and the three otolith organs, the saccule, lagena, and utricle. The brain (in yellow) is also shown. Painting copyright by Anthony D. Hawkins and used with his kind permission. See our recent paper on hearing by Atlantic cod. Download here. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588893853359-UALZ3E067G3ZZXA19JWI/Figure+1+-+Fish+ear+location.jpg Fish ear This figure shows the location of the ear in the head of the Atlantic cod. The swim bladder, a gas-filled structure in the abdominal cavity, in the cod has anterior extensions that brings it in close proximity to the ear. Figure copyright by Anthony D. Hawkins and used by permission. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588893931567-LVPJPQWQ3DXB68IRF347/unnamed-6.jpg Fish ear Cross section of the head showing the brain and the location of the saccule. Note that the otolith lies very close to the sensory epithelium of the end organ. Figure copyright by Anthony D. Hawkins and used by permission. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588894285509-LLHDATDPSD52E9QQUX3K/Figure+3+-+Sensory+epitheium+showing+hair+cells.jpg Fish ear Drawing of the sensory epithelium in the ear of a fish. The sensory hair cells are embedded in the sensory epithelium, and each is surrounded by supporting cells. The ciliary bundle of the sensory cells are embedded in a gelatinous otolith membrane that sits between the surface of the epithelium and the otolith. Relative motion between the epithelium and the otolith during sound stimulation causes bending of the ciliary bundles. This causes release of neurotransmitter from the cells which then stimulate the fibers of the eighth cranial nerve. That signal goes to the auditory region of the brain. Figure copyright by Anthony D. Hawkins and used by permission. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588894485694-GARB7OJPPCC8UST4GPO3/SEM-saccular+ciliary+bundles+Adioryx.jpg Fish ear Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of ciliary bundles on sensory hair cells of a fish saccular epithelium (macula). Note that the ciliary bundles are “polarized" morphologically, so that the longest cilium, called the kinocilium, is at one end of the bundle. The other cilia, called strereocilia, are often graded in size.. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588894861453-JWHVDDUA128TGCDD5QIF/Figure+4+-+Hair+cell+physiology+response.jpg Fish ear The response of sensory hair cells, based on the work of my late friend, Professor Ake Flock. Sensory hair cells are innervated by fibers of the eighth nerve. When the ciliary bundles are bent in different direction they release different amounts of neurotransmitter to stimulate the nerve fibers. When the bundles are bent towards the kinocilium they give out maximum response, and they have minimal responses in the opposite direction. As can be seen in the drawing on the right, each direction results in a different level of stimulation of the nerve. This directional response property is the basis for fishes doing sound source localization. Figure copyright by Anthony D. Hawkins and used by permission. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588894883064-7UCHO5UG6K6ORPUNCD9Y/Figure+3+-+Otoliths-2.jpg Fish ear Otoliths from the saccule of various fish species. Otolith shape is species-specific, and fisheries biologists and taxonomists use the otoliths to identify species, even in the fossil record. The groove in each otolith is the location of the saccular sensory epithelium. In each case, anterior is to the left and dorsal to the top. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588895333036-69DAA5UB8XY83B3G4R4N/Figure+6+top+-+Ceratoscopelus+%28deep+sea+fish%29+saccular+mac+%26+om+SEM.jpg Fish ear Scanning electron micrograph showing the saccular epithelium from a fish. Note the otolithic membrane at the top of the image. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588895593828-HPZJUFRX3J0Y2P9C36B1/chang+et+al+hair+cell+cartoon.jpg Fish ear Schematic of the sensory hair cells from the saccule in a fish. This drawing shows details of the two types of cells found in fishes.. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588895757720-PQEZPBYI16VAZZ9PD6NP/Weberian+ossicles+colored.jpg Fish ear In fishes called the Otophysans, a large fresh water group that includes catfish, goldfish, zebrafish, and almost 5,000 other species, the anterior end of the swim bladder connects to a series of bones, the Weberian ossicles. When the wall of the swim bladder moves in response to sound, the ossicles move (analogously to the mammalian middle ear bones) and stimulates the inner ear. This results in these fishes hearing a wider range of frequencies (bandwidth) and lower sound levels than most fishes without the ossicles. https://www.ahukini.net/general-4 daily 0.75 2020-11-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588944175836-7NLT9YN606GB1IK7TW9W/P1000143.JPG Effects of Pile Driving on Fishes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588944233969-AGW1N3RZWHI6Z7WGQNHI/P1000151.JPG Effects of Pile Driving on Fishes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1588944286915-JKKB3Y8E2DEYZJGA8U6T/P1000152.JPG Effects of Pile Driving on Fishes https://www.ahukini.net/ultrastructure daily 0.75 2020-05-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589034251261-G5L70G5X4B4957OF69V9/Moray+eel+myelinated+fiber+in+epithelium+TEM.jpg Ultrastructure Myelinated nerve fiber in the saccular epithelium of a moray eel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589034120900-NDE42YCQO0RUB4S14GIP/Moray+eel+kinocilium+TEM+%28J+Morph+1979%29.jpg Ultrastructure Cross-section of a kinocilium from the saccule of a moray eel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589034148173-4EGBFENP7V71AM1X3PLZ/Moray+eel+hair+cell+TEM.jpg Ultrastructure Images from the saccular epithelium of a moray eel showing innervation of the hair cell (left) and the detail of the cuticular plate (c) and the “roots” of the stereocilia (upper right). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589034752259-4ZC8UGX3IEZNSB8A27BY/TEM+cross+sections+of+hair+cell+at+different+levels.jpg Ultrastructure https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589034813239-YTO46FQIU4MWTQSJXMWN/TEM+Goldfish+rostral+saccule+type+I+hc.jpg Ultrastructure https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589034871221-Q2CQGUFGT4Q5DEEJ00KR/TEM+Goldfish+Calyx+%28Lanford+%26+Popper%29.jpg Ultrastructure https://www.ahukini.net/hair-cell-orientation-patterns daily 0.75 2020-06-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589042470349-3DT1B0H00D5X5PPDMK2U/salmon+saccular+epithelium+horizontal.jpg Hair Cell Orientation Patterns Saccular sensory epithelium (macula) of a salmon. The actual sensory area is the region that is slightly raised. Anterior is to the right and dorsal to the top. A higher magnification, as shown in the image on the right, shows that the epithelium is covered by numerous sensory hair cels. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589042319155-25SG3U4AYXR3MV8P8Z3K/SEM+hair+cells.jpg Hair Cell Orientation Patterns SEM of a saccular epithelium showing the ciliary bundles on the apical ends of the sensory hair cells. The longest cilium, the kinocilium, is at one end of the ciliary bundle. Note that all of the ciliary bundles have their kinocilia on the side of the bundle towards the upper left. Thus, all of the cells are oriented in the same direction. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589043277957-WVJO409RWOPVRA88F5VP/Whitefish+orientation+from+Science+%28just+saccule%29.jpg Hair Cell Orientation Patterns Saccule (S) and lagena (L) from lake whitefish. The dashed line indicates the outline of saccular (SO) and lagena (LO) otoliths. Arrows show the orientation of the hair cells in each macula region, with the tip of the arrow indicating the location of the kinocilium in the bundle. From Popper, A.N. (1976). Ultrastructure of the auditory regions in the inner ear of the lake whitefish. Science 192:1020‑1023. The structures shown here are typical of other salmonids as well as the whitefish. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589043330660-WM9ACTAJ5CSBV4EQ9AK1/Summary+of+hc+orientation+pattern+in+diff+organs.jpg Hair Cell Orientation Patterns There is very substantial variation in the hair cell orientation patters in different species. This figure shows various “classes” of patterns found in various species for all of the otolith organs. For further discussion see Popper & Hawkins (2019). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589043364335-FNPUIBVNJWH58PF45M2I/Amia+hair+cell+orientation+patterns.jpg Hair Cell Orientation Patterns Hair cell orientation patterns for the three otolith organs of Amia calva, the bowfin, a primitive species. The gray areas are outside fo the actual sensory region but they also contain a small number of small sensory cells. From 1. Popper, A.N., and Northcutt, R.G. (1983). Structure and innervation of the inner ear of the bowfin, Amia calva. J. Comp. Neurol. 213:279‑286. https://www.ahukini.net/hearing-sensitivity daily 0.75 2025-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589115400717-0QZ8GQWO03MQUBIS5UBL/Audiogram.jpg Hearing Sensitivity Hearing thresholds measured for different fish species. Note the substantial differences in hearing bandwidth and lowest sound level detectable. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589117048016-ZJOQBBM2409SLJXDROCI/Figure1-Goldfish+threshods+from+Popper+et+al+2019.jpg Hearing Sensitivity Auditory thresholds for goldfish done by different investigators. The substantial variation in sensitivity reflects differences in tank acoustics in various studies. From Popper et al. (2019). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589119621202-619I3M1Z9B9QBTWLAOY3/MS-Hawkins+%26+Popper+SHAR+Fig+2.jpg Hearing Sensitivity Hearing thresholds for three species that detect particle motion. These studies, done by my colleagues Tony Hawkins and Olav Sand, were done in conditions where particle motion could be accurately be measured. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589119774973-MX88UGD2AO0I8US52CC6/MS-Hawkins+%26+Popper+SHAR+Fig+3.jpg Hearing Sensitivity Auditory thresholds in three species that have special adaptations that result in their having a wide hearing bandwdith because of detection of sound pressure as well as particle motion. https://www.ahukini.net/seismic daily 0.75 2025-02-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589205414272-QF76UELVX2PEPPR8JKJ2/MccauleyFewtrellPopperFigure_3.jpg Seismic - Effects of seismic airguns on ears of pink snapper Our first study, done with Rob McCauley and Jayne Fewtrell in Perth Australia, examined the long-term effects of seismic exposure in pink snapper. We found some damage to regions of the saccule (one of the end organs of the inner ear). The damage appears to have been long-lasting. For reasons we cannot yet understand, this study is the only one that has been done that found damage to the inner ear of fishes as a result of seismic exposure. (McCauley, R.D., Fewtrell, J., and Popper, A.N. (2003). High intensity anthropogenic sound damages fish ears. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 113:638-642.) (download publication) This figure shows hair cell damage in different parts of the saccular sensory epithelium. The holes represent locations where sensory cells had been. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589206394334-1RSCXJ5SFX2E1JYC068K/Air+gun+firing.JPG Seismic Airgun blast used in the study https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589206672149-WRHLXIMGFO0PF8MSIZTY/MS-Mackenzie+Fig+4b.jpg Seismic Results for adult northern pike. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589207193900-C6MJLQ4QQJW9F1VHCK87/Figure+3.jpg Seismic Scanning electron micrographs of the sensory surface of the saccule of a lake chub exposed to seismic signals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589216023279-BJINF3UQIM55YBFWLFP0/Figure+3+-+MS-Seismic+Study+Lake+Sakakawea.jpg Seismic Five cages were spaced at various distances from the barge which housed the seismic airgun. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589216192791-O4DT2L98005ULM7P0CZ1/Figure+4+-+MS-Seismic+Study+Lake+Sakakawea.jpg Seismic This illustrates the signal from the small seismic airgun array as recorded by a hydrophone on the test range. https://www.ahukini.net/ambientsound daily 0.75 2020-05-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589217391913-HAIJFEC4X9KXL6L3328P/figure-1+TTS.jpg Ambient Sound Figure 1. Auditory thresholds of tilapia (left) and goldfish (right) after 7, 21 or 28 days of white noise exposure. ABRs were detectable from 100 to 800 Hz for tilapia. Tilapia exposed for 28 d exhibited an overall treatment effect, but this effect was only significant at 800 Hz (P=0.02). ABRs were detectable up to 4 kHz in goldfish. In contrast to tilapia, goldfish had significant threshold shifts at all frequencies after only 7 d of noise exposure. After 7 d, further noise exposure did not produce greater threshold shifts, suggesting an asymptote had been reached. Thresholds returned to baseline levels after 14 d of recovery from noise exposure. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589217437863-PIE8N677Y0U21KMXMTFB/figure-2+left.jpg Ambient Sound Figure 2 (left). Relationship between TTS and noise SPL above baseline levels in four fish species (bluegill and tilapia are hearing generalists, minnows and goldfish are hearing specialists). Sunfish and minnow data are from Scholik & Yan 2001, 2002b. A significant linear relationship exists for all species, for hearing specialists alone, but not for hearing generalists alone. Thus, it is unclear if the LINTS hypothesis is valid for only hearing specialist fishes or whether the SPL was simply not great enough for TTS in generalists. https://www.ahukini.net/sonar daily 0.75 2020-05-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589222527505-LYDFT646TYM2HP1RGJFJ/Barge+%28from+Seneca+folder+cover%29.jpg Sonar Barge on which study was conducted. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589222628085-JGGSPL0ECVFU2OT66QQR/IMG_0664.JPG Sonar Fish were placed into a tank and lowered from the barge. At the same time, the sound source was also lowered. TV cameras (on the white arms) were used to monitor the fish and several hydrophones were in the test tank. Once the camber was lowered to depth, the surrounding plexiglas shell was lowered further, leaving the fish in a net pen. After exposure, the shell was raised to support the net and then the whole unit was returned to the barge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589223616517-9WWOO5GWDY2QOBCZOG5X/Figure+4+Catfish+Plate.jpg Sonar Scanning electron microscopic studies of inner ear sensory tissue (as this from a catfish) showed no damage to hair cels in saccule (top row), lagena (middle row), or utricle (bottom row). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589223730351-1CT6Q0NNC605SKYY5XGL/Fig+2.+histo+pict.jpg Sonar Detailed histopathology, as shown here, showed no damage to any internal tissues in any species tested. https://www.ahukini.net/tavolga daily 0.75 2023-05-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589377292371-BMVIAEBV6M315RJN2H1B/Bill+Tavolga.JPG Tavolga Bill, around 2013 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589547240942-7JCSSNRG0SXASRO8EVPG/Bill+corn+snake+handler+%28small%29.jpg Tavolga Bill (year unknown) had a life-long fascnation with snakes, and kept them as pets. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589388872628-8P3HU0TQ7D48TU04AEKL/Pages+from+Tavolga+%281949%29+Platyfish+development+paper.jpg Tavolga Development of the platyfish. From Tavolga (1949). This was part of Tavolga’s doctoral dissertation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589722178889-64DO3MDZ5CRCU954OOPK/Pages+from+Tavolga+%281962%29+Mechanisms+of+sound+production+in+the+ariid+catfishes+Galeichthys+and+Bagre.jpg Tavolga Bill examined the mechanisms of sound production in two species of marine catfish (Tavolga, 1962). This investigation involved studies of the sounds of the species as well as a magnificent anatomical investigation of the sound production mechanism. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589386935703-VXS11XFDJPTF7ZQDURHY/Staircase+from+Tavolga+%26+Wodinsky+1963.jpg Tavolga Figure showing the staircase method to determine fish hearing sensitivity. From Tavolga and Wodinsky (1963). This paper, which investigated hearing in nine species of marine fish, is a true classic. It was the first to apply modern psychophysical methods to studying fish hearing (though earlier workers had used some variants of modern methods). Bill told a wonderful story about this study. He and Jerry Wodinsky (now at Brandeis University) did the work in Bimini, the Bahamas. Jerry was adamant that all notes be taken in pencil. Bill thought this ridiculous, but complied. Coming home, Bill packed his notebooks in a suitcase with several newly purchased bottles of Beefeater gin. On getting home, Bill opened the case and found one of the bottles had broken, leaking gin all over the notebooks with the summer’s data. BUT, it turns out that while gin would have washed away pen, it had no effect on pencil. The graph lines on the pages were gone (ink!), but since the data were still there, Bill was able to easily use the data. (As an aside, as a graduate student, the first lesson I was taught by Bill, and one I’ve tried to impress on all of my students, was to take notes in something indelible!) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589389256525-4LIIU29XAKBGVWWR8ME7/Pages+from+Tavolga+%281956%29+Pre-spawning+behavior+in+the+gobiid+fish.jpg Tavolga Male gobies in combat from Tavolga (1956). This is part of Bill’s extraordinary work on goby reproductive behavior where he meticulously documented the interactions between visual, acoustic, and chemical cues in the male-female interactions. Tavolga made a video of his goby research. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590591028956-JGQWJMQOY28QGBXSFPVD/IMG_0504.jpg Tavolga Title page of Marine Bioacoustics (1964). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590591042832-OVWLAFUI3LPJ0VCMCIAM/IMG_0503.jpg Tavolga Cover of Marine Bioacousics II (1967). The TOC is here. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589377470192-MBLM3JSUJ4WK6MWG3659/Genie+Clark+%26+Bill+Tavolga+1-16-10.JPG Tavolga Eugenie Clark and Bill Tavolga, 2010 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589377555356-V8FOKYHYX7GA10TZU6XF/J-0059+Bill+Tavolga+at+AMNH+spring+1969.jpg Tavolga Tavolga in 1969 at American Museum of Natural History. Much of Bill’s work was done at AMNH https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589378117144-NRMZYO5B51J5LWZLVYPR/Tavolga+%282005%29.jpg Tavolga Tavolga in 2005 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589377711101-VQ345RE9F3B22RE9VSD0/FBM-71+Tavolga+and+Popper+Lab.JPG Tavolga Bill Tavolga with my lab group at a meeting in 2001.. From left to right: Xiaohong Deng, Michaela Meyer, Dennis Plachta, John Ramcharitar and his wife, Bill Tavolga, Mike Smith, Allison Coffin, Dennis Higgs, and me. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589377777766-TV5A7ILVY6EX61PLFU3T/Tavolga+house.JPG Tavolga https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589378259421-WJ729VGNUTCIT0L2UX50/A-0025+Bill+and+Margaret+Tavolga+and+Perry+Gilbert+1968.jpg Tavolga Perry Gilbert, then director of the Cape Haze Marine Laboratory, Margaret Tavolga, and Bill Tavolga in 1968. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589378328593-GGE3BYSSD7NK6Y2ZMJEF/A-0077+Bill+and+Margaret+Tavolga+6-72.jpg Tavolga Bill and Margaret Tavolga at their Sarasota home in 1972. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589378411777-C87UXUFW05DQWYTLLXZA/A-0259+Bill+Tavolga%2C+Dick+Fay%2C+Art.jpg Tavolga Bill Tavolga, Dick Fay, and Art Popper at a meeting we organized on fish bioacoustics in 1981 at Mote Marine Laboratory https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589378695576-KVL7F7AC3KKL5T4I6LF8/1982+%28abt%29+Mote%2C+Bill+Tavolga%2C+center%2C+Dick+Fay%2C+right.jpg Tavolga Bill talking with Dick Fay (right) and Per Enger (left) in 1981 at Mote Marine Lab meeting https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589378851621-3L91JMNO1HGAKKXC3UXL/2013-Mote+Bill+Tavolga%2C+Art%2C+Tony+Hawkins.JPG Tavolga Bill Tavolga, Art Popper, and Tony Hawkins at meeting in 2013 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589378795131-FQV47N7BTK84T0Y5931K/1990+MML+Margaret+and+Bill+Tavolga+at+lunch.jpg Tavolga Margaret and Bill Tavolga at lunch at 1981 meeting. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589547407333-LFTQFMFBE4RGN06GWAAL/Paula+Bill+Sarasota2014.JPG Tavolga Bill was fortunate to have two great loves in his life. After Margaret passed away, Bill met Paula John who had retired to Sarasota. Paula had had a long career in administration at Antioch College, culminating as Registrar when it expanded into an international university. She then joined her neighbor Gary Klein in founding Klein Associates, a firm of cognitive psychologists doing research and development in expert decision making under stress. Bill and Paula remained “sweethearts” until Bill died. I thank Paula, a dear friend of ours, for providing some of the material for this page. She now resides in Vancouver, WA near her son. https://www.ahukini.net/tavolga-publications daily 0.75 2020-09-22 https://www.ahukini.net/meeting-pictures daily 0.75 2020-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589125148672-0A5G27UIKERURDU47HE7/Mote+Meeting+Group+Picture.jpg Meeting Pictures All attendees https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589125210000-UMI4QAOEFTE6CVGQVUXT/Mote+Meeting+-+Popper+%26+Fay+Students.jpg Meeting Pictures Bill Tavolga (back center), my doctoral advisor, along with some of the graduate students and postdocs who have been in my lab and/or in Dick’s lab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589125950504-JQUMERWO6CG1TXEKWVHM/Bielefed+Lateral+Line+meeting+attendees.jpg Meeting Pictures In 1987 I participated in a meeting about the lateral line that was organized by my former student Sheryl Coombs and several of her colleagues. The meeting took place in in Bielefeld, Germany. Sheryl is in the front row, fourth from the right. Third from the right, next to Sheryl, is Professor Sven Dijkgraaf, the honoree at the meeting. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589741953304-QHBK1GP12NIQKMP7UH5L/Sensory+Biology+of+Aquatic+Life+Group+Photo.jpg Meeting Pictures https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1599409095014-WM57RWYS78SALC5HZ8GL/Evolutionary+Biology+of+Hearing+Meeiting+-Sarasota1990_OfficialPhoto+%28small%29.jpg Meeting Pictures https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589134963344-EIP9CXHX34LFCQLP34JL/1975+Ann+Arbor+Meeting.jpg Meeting Pictures In 1975-1976 I was on sabbatical at the University of Michigan and helped organize a meeting on vertebrate bioacoustics. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1593972991539-1ZJOS0UBR2QTOY5OWCT5/FBM-10+Group+Photo.JPG Meeting Pictures The meeting was in honor of three giants of fish bioacoustics. Bill Tavolga (4th from left in front row), Per Enger (5th from left), and Art Myrberg, jr. (pink shirt). We also wanted to honor Japanese investigator Taro Furukawa but he could not attend. The meeting was organized by Jackie Webb (far right in first row), Dick Fay (next to Myrberg) an myself (next to Fay). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1599408553445-JQ5DLA3F0EK3PG75WI7V/C-028+All+participants.JPG Meeting Pictures https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1602429414165-LGKWGL0ENO30RLB0WIPF/Shanghai+Meeting+Group+Photo+with+names+of+people+10-29-2012.jpg Meeting Pictures https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589810441702-858I83274L1JQIYQQV9J/EAR+MEETING+GROUP+PHOTO+6-6-08.jpg Meeting Pictures https://www.ahukini.net/popperlab daily 0.75 2026-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589808872033-1V53V1230WN3RVE09GBC/Lab%2Bpast%2B%2526%2Bcurrent%2Bmembers%2B7-2003.jpg Popperlab Lab members from various times at a party in 2003. From left: Audrey Rollo, John Ramcharitar, Michele Halvorsen, Allison Coffin, Pamela Lanford, Payal Razdan, Bradley Buran, Kirsten Poling, Dennis Higgs, me, Xiaohong Deng, Dennis Plachta, David Zeddies, Michaela Meyer, Jiakun Song https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589808385791-KOSGN2O9IRTM3ILU4T6K/Lu+farewell+lab+group+2.JPG Popperlab Saying farewell to John Lu as he joined faculty at the Univeristy of Miami. Marci Souza, John Ramcharitar, Joelle Presson, Sandy Davis, Heather Wilkins, Dennis Higgs, Zhongmin (John) Lu, Pamela Lanford, Art Popper https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589646618214-YAM10JIYXB8PMBJ5N226/Georgetown+Lab.png Popperlab Lab colleagues at Georgetown Univeristy around 1983. Art, Shen Jun (visitor from China), student, Gloria Meridith, Laura Bruce, Cathy McCormick, Sheryl Coombs, Ann Butler, Mark Braford https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589641662584-DYJZD6U4TDZ175GL6H98/Lab+about+2005.jpeg Popperlab My lab group around 2005: Xiaohong Deng, Jiakun Song, Allison Coffin, Arthur Popper, Diane Miller, Eva Wysocki, Michelle Halvorsen, David Zeddies, Michaela Meyer, E. Sanovitch, unknown https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589202069944-7O24DCDZ1GX6SOOWR8IL/Popper+lab+group+1.JPG Popperlab Lab group, May, 2000. Allison Coffin, Art, John Ramcharitar, Marcy Souza, Dennis Higgs, Jiakun Song, Joelle Presson, Sandy Davis (program coordinator, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science program that Art directed), and Michaela Meyer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1589201857711-HY7KPD7IB7VQ0KX7AIJW/Popper+Lab+group+4-2005+%28small%29.jpg Popperlab Jim Liang, Lale Evsen, Xiaohong Deng, Michaela Meyer, Allison Coffin, Diane Miller, Arthur Popper, Lydia (Eva) Wysocki, Michele Halvorsen, Michael Smith, David Zeddies https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1587990032066-FJ10IP1SSEIFX3IDTTL5/popperlab+aug+2002.jpg Popperlab Lab in about 2007. Clockwise from left: me, graduate student John Ramcharitar, undergraduate Brad Buran, postdoc Michael Smith, undergraduate Payal Razdan, graduate student Allison Coffin, postdoc Kirsten Poling, Postdoc Dennis Higgs, graduate student Xiaohong Deng, graduate student Pamela Lanford, graduate student Michaela Meyer, technician Audrey Rollo, and Brads cued-speech interpreter) https://www.ahukini.net/criteria daily 0.75 2022-06-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590240111495-C9AIQNM8K1B95CDM8CB0/ASA+Working+Group+Whole+Group++2+%28Lang%29+10-13-06.JPG Criteria and Guidelines https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590247038040-METKZBMETM8WAR8A00AB/MS-Hawkins%2B%2526%2BPopper%2BAssessing%2BUnderwater%2BNoise%2Bfigure%2B1.jpg Criteria and Guidelines Potential effects of a sound at different distances from a source. Note, the actual distances will depend on the source level, and the distance from any given source that some effect may “drop out” will likely vary as a result of numerous factors including the species of fish and perhaps even its size. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590244326490-0ER04G8LVBMEILVZWYFD/Table+1+-+Potential+effects.jpg Criteria and Guidelines https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590245527624-Q9MYVF1OCTAA9801K59Q/Pages+from+1a+-+REVISED+Pooled+Fund+Report+2-7-2019.jpg Criteria and Guidelines https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590247652224-EVNUTLNX8Q98ZJQ5XH3R/Table%2B2.jpg Criteria and Guidelines https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590246264932-J525AT6X979A59AJHIDC/Figure1-Goldfish+threshods.jpeg Criteria and Guidelines Variation in goldfish hearing data from different studies. The data illustrate the need for some standardization in the way in which fish hearing thresholds are determined. The variation, as discussed in the paper, is likely related to the acoustics of different setups, the methodology used to obtain thresholds, and many other differences in the studies. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1590246511007-6NX54COBUBEZERT0H2R6/Figure+1.png Criteria and Guidelines Representative sound sources that produce anthropogenic sounds and the animals that are potentially affected. Note that sounds may be both in water (from boats, seismic air guns, construction work) on the bottom, and in the substrate. Moreover, while most sounds arise from in-water operations, it is well known that sounds on land, such as from auto traffic, may get into the water through the substrate [e.g., 35]. Thus, the underwater acoustic environment, especially near-shore, can be very complex. Figure © 2020 Anthony D. Hawkins, all rights reserved. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/1632750834420-M6E8BTI83MVP411TP5JI/Figure_1.jpg Criteria and Guidelines Major sources of sound and vibration from offshore wind farms during the pre-construction (left), construction (center), and operational (right) periods (not to scale). Sounds emitted from each source are indicated with red lines. Acoustic energy put into the substrate as a result of seismic airguns and the pounding of piles during construction can emanate back into the water at considerable distances from the sources themselves (Popper and Hastings, 2009; Hawkins et al., 2021) (Color online) (Figure copyright © 2021 Iain Stenhouse/Biodiversity Research Institute, all rights reserved.) https://www.ahukini.net/sensory-hair-cells daily 0.75 2020-06-07 https://www.ahukini.net/ciliary-bundles daily 0.75 2020-05-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ec321c2af33de48734cc929/1589847902870-ZOUR0EX0L2QSQNRC1SP2/image-asset.jpeg Ciliary Bundles - Make it stand out. It all begins with an idea. Maybe you want to launch a business. Maybe you want to turn a hobby into something more. Or maybe you have a creative project to share with the world. Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ec321c2af33de48734cc929/1589847903067-57HDPDJ6TWU40QPAQLS4/image-asset.jpeg Ciliary Bundles - Make it stand out. It all begins with an idea. Maybe you want to launch a business. Maybe you want to turn a hobby into something more. Or maybe you have a creative project to share with the world. Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.ahukini.net/speialists daily 0.75 2021-11-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea05edf0db95a1ffa37498b/18dcc6ce-22bd-413d-a572-4a8588a86986/Figure+1.jpg Specialists & Non-Specialists